(46) Mark Lewis, The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2009, p. 30.

(48) Mark Lewis, The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han, p. 19.

(49) Lon Fuller, The Morality of Law, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1964.

(50) Dingxin Zhao, The Confucian-Legalist State: A New Theory of Chinese History, New York: Oxford University Press, 2018.

(51) Dingxin Zhao, The Confucian-Legalist State: A New Theory of Chinese History, p. 275.

(52) Fritz Kern, Kingship and Law in the Middle Ages, Clark, NJ: Lawbook Exchange, 2006.

(53) Brian Tamanaha, On the Rule of Law: History, Politics, Theory, p. 24.

(54) 在《孟子•梁惠王下》中，孟子肯定了诛杀纣王的正当性。原文：齐宣王问曰：“汤放桀，武王伐纣，有诸？”孟子对曰：“于传有之。”曰：“臣弑其君可乎？”曰：“贼仁者谓之贼，贼义者谓之残，残贼之人，谓之一夫。闻诛一夫纣矣，未闻弑君也。”

(55) 对于儒法传统的历史解释，详见：Michael Loewe, The Government of Qin and Han Empires: 221 BCE–220 CE, Indianapolis: Hackett, 2006；Dingxin Zhao, TheConfucian-Legalist State: A New Theory of Chinese History；从自由主义的视角，参见 Do Chull Shin, Confu- cianism and Democratization in East Asia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011；Joseph R. Levenson, Confucian China and Its Modern Fate: A Trilogy, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968.

(56) 具体例子详见：王静：《中国古代道德法律化研究》，河北大学博士论文，2008 年。

(57) Ronald Dworkin, Political Judges and the Rule of Law, Maccabean Lecture in Jurisprudence, 1978, London: British Academy, 1980.

(58) Brian Tamanaha, On the Rule of Law: History, Politics, Theory, p. 84.

(59) Michael J. Sandel, Liberalism and the Limits of Justice, 2nd ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010; Alastair MacIntyre, After Virtue, London: Bloomsbury, 2014; Thomas Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century, trans. Arthur Goldhammer, Cambridge; Belknap, 2017; Charles Murray, Coming Apart: The State of White America, 1960–2010, New York: Crown Forum, 2012; Robert Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community, New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000.

(60) Jennie Neufeld, “Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Is a Democratic Socialists of America Member. Here’s What That Means,” Vox, January 27, 2018.

(61) 出自《礼记•礼运》。

(62) Jiangyu Wang, “The Rule of Law in China: A Realistic View of the Jurisprudence, the Impact of the WTO, and the Prospects for Future Development,” Singapore Journal of Legal Studies, December 2004, pp. 347–389; Lawrence Lau, “From the Economy to Judicial Reform, China Is Settling into a ‘New Normal,’” South China Morning Post, March 15, 2017.

(63) 强世功：《告别国家法一元论——秋菊的困惑与大国法治道路》，载《东方学刊》，2018 年第2期。

(64) 例如2016年的于欢案，当事人刺死了非法拘禁、侮辱其母亲的高利贷催债人。这一案件引起了舆论的强烈关注，当事人一审被判无期徒刑则引起了社会上的极大争议。最终，他在二审被改判有期徒刑五年。详见：“China Slashes Murder Sentence in Loan- Shark Killing Case,”Reuters, June 23, 2017。另一个著名的案例是陆勇案，他身患白血病，由于负担不起诺华集团的特效药“格列卫”，便从国外为自己和病友购买仿制药，这导致他在2013年以涉嫌销售假药罪被逮捕，随后数百名患者联名上书请求免除他的刑事处罚，最终检察院在2015年撤回了对他的起诉。他的故事被拍摄成电影《我不是药神》，唤起了公众对癌症患者的广泛同情。详见：See Lily Kuo, “Popular Cancer Drug Film Prompts China to Speed Up Price Cuts,” Guardian, July 19, 2018.

(65) 李林：《论党与法的高度统一》，载《法制与社会发展》，2015年第3期。

(66) Ronald Dworkin, Political Judges and the Rule of Law.

(67) Jerome Cohen, “A Looming Crisis for China’s Legal System,” Foreign Policy, February 22, 2016.

(68) 中国法学界对这一现象有过大量研究，例如苏力的《法治及其本土资源》，以及强世功的《告别国家法一元论——秋菊的困惑与大国法治道路》。

(69) Randall Peerenboom, China’s Long March toward Rule of Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

【本文英文版发表于《美国事务》（American Affairs），2019年第3期，中文版由作者本人修订。】